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The Middle East
Our specialists can translate and interpret such Middle Eastern languages as:
 Arabic
Farsi
Turkish
Dari
Pushtu
Hebrew
Arabic
Arabic is a Semitic language. The two main dialects of Arabic are Southern and Northern. The latter since the time of
the Koran has been the dominant literary language. With some variations, it is spoken in Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt
and North Africa. Over 96 million people speak Arabic. Arabic writing: The neskhi form is read from right to left.
Farsi
Farsi is the language of the Persians and the official language of Iran. It is also widely-used in some Arab countries.
More than 13.5 million people speak Farsi. Farsi has a number of dialects, the most widely studied of which is Tehranian.
The fundamentals of vocabulary are Iranian, and there are also borrowed words from Arabic and Turkic languages. The written
language is based on Arabic script.
Turkish
Turkish, formerly known as the Ottoman language, is the language of the Turks. The state language of the Turkish
Republic, it is also widely-used in the Eastern Mediterranean and Balkan regions. Over 40 million people speak Turkish.
The literary language began to be formed in the mid-19th century, replacing the Ottoman literary language, rich with
Arabic and Persian borrowings. The written language until 1928 was based on the Arabic alphabet. Since then it has been
based on Latin letters.
Dari
Classical Dari, the literary language of the western and eastern Iranians (Persians, Tajiks, and others) was widely
used from the late 9th century to the early 16th century in Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, and northwestern
India. In the classics of Persio-Tadjik literature (Rudaki, Firdousi, Khafiz, Omar Khaiyam, Nasir Khosrov and others) the
term "dari" refers to the literary language in which they wrote. Other names of this language are: Farsi-ye dari, Farsi
and Parsi. In the 20th century Dari has three variants: The Persian literary language in Iran, the Tajik literary language
in Tajikistan and literary Dari in Afghanistan.
Pushtu
Pushtu is the language of the Afghans and one of the 2 state languages of Afghanistan. It is also widely-used in
Northwestern and Western Pakistan. About 20 million speak it, half of them in Pakistan. Pushtu is in the Iranian group,
specifically the Eastern Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages. The first samples of written Pushtu
are traced to the 13th century. Pushtu uses the Arabo-Persian alphabet.
Hebrew
Hebrew is a semitic language of the Canaanite subgroup and the official language of Israel. About 2.5 million speak it.
Around the turn of the 20th century it became once again the dominant language of Palestine. Modern Hebrew preserves
ancient morphological forms, roots and words, but semantically and syntactically it has been heavily influenced by
Yiddish and other Germanic and Slavic languages. There are a number of traditional pronunciations of Hebrew: Ashkenazi
(among Eastern European Jews), Sephardic (among Balkan Jews and Jews of Spanish origin), the pronunciation of Jews from
the Arabian countries, Georgian Jews, etc. Modern Hebrew is based on Sephardic pronunciation.
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